COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION OF MANGROVE FOREST PRESERVATION IN BATANG GASANG

The purpose of this study is to study community participation in the preservation of mangrove forests located in Nagari Gasan Gadang and Nagari Malai V, Batang Gasang Sub-District, Padang Pariaman Regency, West Sumatra Province. The indicators consist of (1) Description of Community Aspects, Measured parameters of community participation that are linked to 3 socioeconomic status, namely Level of Education, Employment and Income; (2) Description of Biological Aspects, Parameters measured by the level of density of mangroves by making Measuring Plots measuring 20 x 20 m totaling 10 Measuring Plots that are spread evenly. Primary data obtained directly in the field and interviews with 65 respondents while secondary data is supporting data obtained from relevant agencies. The data analysis technique used is the analysis of community participation and the analysis of mangrove species density using the Mann-Whitney Test statistical analysis for testing the difference in species density and the Kruskal-Wallis Test statistical analysis for testing the level of community participation with the SPSS 15 Program. The results showed that the results of the hypothesis test of differences in density revealed that the Z value for density was -2,243 (p <0.05), meaning that the density of mangrove forests showed an average difference, that there were significant differences in the level of density of mangrove forests. While the Difference Test Results of Community Participation with Chi-Square based on education amounted to 0.513 (p> 0.05), meaning that community participation on the preservation of mangrove forests at the educational level did not show any difference, while based on the Chi-Square value of 16,203 (p <0 , 05), means that there are significant differences in community participation between work. for Chi-Square income of 0.248 (p> 0.05), there was no significant difference in community participation between income levels. Based on the socio-economic aspect, that community participation whose income <1 million is very low, people's income 1 1.5 million participation is low while the community's income> 1.5 million participation is high in maintaining the preservation of mangrove forests in Batang Gasang District.


INTRODUCTION
Mangrove Forests are forests that have a tropical coastal area vegetation community  dominated by several species of trees that are able to grow and develop in low tide areas on muddy beaches. Mangrove forests have a very important role in determining the existence of coastal ecosystems.
Mangrove forests are formed in flat coastal areas, where land can gradually form and avoid waves. One of the characteristics of the place of growth is a period of standing water. Species composition will be determined by perodicity, duration and height of standing water, salinity and soil conditions (Weidelt, 1995in Agus 2007Hermon, 2015;Hermon, 2017). Mangrove forests in addition to being one of the buffer ecosystems between land and sea also have important potential in supporting the productivity of the sea around the mangrover (Annonimus, 2002;Hermon, 2010;Hermon, 2012)). But mangrove forests are vulnerable to damage if the environment is out of balance. Even the damage to mangrov is not only caused by natural processes but also due to human activities (Pramuji, 2000;Hermon, 2017). Mangrove ecosystem damage generally occurs as a result of human activities that utilize mangrove forests without regard to the ability and carrying capacity of environmental sustainability.
The development of human life is increasing rapidly in line with current technological developments, as well as communities around the coast. The development of coastal areas with infrastructure development, agriculture, ponds, urbanization, and other industrial activities put pressure and threats in the presence of mangrove forests. This will result in the condition of mangrove forests will change because of the pressure caused by human civilization that uses mangrove forests to meet the needs of life. Mangrove forest based on economic function is a producer of wood and its derivatives (non-wood) Kristian and Oktorie, 2018), which can be in the form of sawn wood, a source of fiber for pulp and paper, energy in the form of charcoal and fuel wood, producing tannin, raw materials for medicines, sources of food for humans and animals and honey producers. While the ecological function of mangrove forests is the protection of the land from abrasion and intrusion, the protection of ecosystems in its original form, the Science and Environmental Journals for Postgraduate   protection of wind and tsunami waves, the source of seeds for marine and terrestrial fishery products, the protection of animals and communities where flora and fauna develop and environmental sanitation between the sea and the mainland Hermon, 2019;Oktorie et al, 2019). Kompas (2000) in Urip (2008)  Mangrove Forest Area in Batang Gasang District has an area of ± 40.70 ha or around 20.15% of the total area of mangrove forests in Padang Pariaman District (covering an area of 202 Ha). The problem that occurs in the status of this mangrove forest area is experiencing a massive quality decline due to rapidly increasing population with various activities in the region. This affects the sustainability of mangrove forests due to activities that utilize mangrove forests to meet the needs of the local population.
As a result of these community activities, the mangrover forest area becomes an empty area that is inundated by water when it is high tide. The mangrove trees are only remnants that cannot be used anymore, fishermen are forced to go far out to sea to be able to catch fish, shrimp, and crabs and take firewood to other places to meet their needs.
Judging from the physical and biotic existence of several mangrove forest locations in Padang Pariaman District, the location of mangrove forests in Batang Gasan District in general the potential of mangrove forests has a low species diversity with the level of damage being "damaged" and "heavily damaged" and the potential of mangrove forests that are spread out so that it requires enrichment with a mangrove planting system which in its implementation requires high participation from the local community.

METHOD
The method used in the research is descriptive analytical research, namely descriptive researching of two aspects and the interrelationship of the two aspects consisting of 1. Description of Community Aspects with the measured parameters are community participation that is linked to 3 socioeconomic status namely Education, Employment and Income; 2. Description of the Biological Aspect with parameters measured by the level of density of mangroves contained in the Batang Gasang District by making a 20 x 20 m measuring plot totaling 10 evenly distributed plots. Where in each plot will be observed the level of mangrove density, by deliberate placement of PU (purposive random sampling); 3. The Relationship between Community Aspects and Biological Aspects, at this stage a qualitative study was conducted on the relationship between aspects of community participation and biological aspects.
Data collected in this research are primary data and secondary data. Primary data obtained directly in the field and interviews with 65 respondents while consisting of: (1) physical environmental profile, (2) mangrove density profile, (3) community participation, secondary data is supporting data obtained from relevant agencies consisting of forest area mangrove, administrative maps of Gasang Subdistrict, climate and rainfall data, community education level data, employment level data and community livelihood level data in Nagari Gasang Gadang and Malagraph V Malai V Tribe of Gasang District. While the measured and observed objects are (1) Community Participation Data obtained from the results of questionnaires and interviews with the community around the study site as many as 65 respondents; (2) Data on tree species density are obtained by direct field measurements. The data analysis technique used is the analysis of community participation which is analyzed based on three indicators consisting of (a) the principles of all components of society, namely efforts to increase community participation involving and covering all components of society, and not only certain individuals or components of society; b. The principle of togetherness and mutual respect: Communities will participate when they feel part of the community, and they feel that their involvement is needed, therefore the principle of togetherness and mutual

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The shows that the kenagarian is higher which will have an impact on the existing land in this Kenagarian, so the pressure on mangrove forests for the future needs to be a concern because the higher the population the higher the need for land and the more the production of household waste is also high. High population growth is one threat to the existence of mangrove forests in this area.

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Quantitative Description Of Mangrove's Voltage
Suryanto, (2007) explains that in estuarine marine areas there are high or slightly alkaline pH levels compared to river pH due to the presence of CO2 and the strong alkaline nature of the K, Na and Ca ions. Besides photosynthesis, the pH of the waters is influenced by temperature and the presence of ions. If water contains a lot of H + ions it will have a low pH and is acidic, but water will be alkaline and have a high pH if the concentration of H + ions it contains is small.

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Vol. Based on observations in the field around the location there are residential settlements that are likely to dump their waste into these waters, this is supported by the presence of an oil layer and solid waste in the form of household waste around the study site. The result is a reduction in dissolved oxygen in the water because it is used for decomposition of these organic materials. The more organic content in waste, the dissolved oxygen needed for decomposition activities increases, so that the content of dissolved oxygen in the waters will decrease. In addition, because rivers tend to be deeper, this condition allows for a slight exchange between oxygen-rich surface waters and deep waters. The concentration of heavy metals in locations without mangroves shows a high value compared to other locations. According to (Connel, 1995in Suryanto, 2007 The concentration of heavy metals in water can increase with the entry of household and industrial waste. Dahuri, et al (1996)  Sonneratia caseoloris while other types are not found in the plots that have been made.

Density Difference Test Results
To find out whether or not there was a significant difference in average diversity at each plot location in this study which was divided into 10 (ten) 20 x 20 meter plots, the Mann-Whitney Test statistical analysis was used as shown in the following table this:  Science and Environmental Journals for Postgraduate   The table above shows the results of the hypothesis test that the Z value for the density was -2,243 (p <0.05), meaning that the density of the mangrove forest between the study sites showed an average difference. These results state that there are significant differences in the level of density of mangrove forests between the study plot locations, as many as 10 PU.

Quantitative Description Of Community Participation
Population growth at the study site in Kenagarian Gasan Gadang ranged from 0.86 to 2.11. with a growth of 0.86 percent less than the population growth in Kenagarian Malai V Suku with a growth of 2.11 percent. Business fields that are publicly traded as a source of income are in the fields of fishermen, agriculture, trade, employees and others.
The majority of the community is engaged in the field of fisheries, this is because this field is a legacy from parents, habits, and the environment.
Based on the agreement of the local community that the mangrove forest in their area is needed to support fishery habitat, especially for mangrove crabs, as an area that is maintained in a healthy condition and protected from disturbance that can cause damage.
Mangrove forest area of 40.70 Ha which needs to be maintained both diversity and density of the stand and its status is determined as a mangrove forest area with good condition (BPDAS, 2006). Current conditions in mangrove forests can be described as follows: (1) Ex-Damaged Ponds / Ponds, in the form of inactive ponds that have been left dormant have already begun to be destroyed, both in the form of permanent buildings and non-permanent ponds. Management of degraded ponds is directed to become forest again by rehabilitating mangroves; (2) Mangrove forest area which is relatively good.
Based on the foregoing, this area needs to be preserved and preserved. And in this area based on information obtained from the local Mangrove Observer (Mr. Muslim), that the type of male mangrove (Aegiceras corniculatum) for the West Sumatra region is only found in this area.

Social Economic Community
Awareness of the decline in existing natural resources, due to the rapid management of natural resources that ignores the principle of sustainable nature. The level of education is one of the parameters that can show people's insight in seeing the positive and negative impacts on the utilization of natural resources. Therefore parameters about the level of education are very important to know in the application of developing sustainable use of natural resources.
In general, the livelihoods of the people in the research location are dominated by fishermen. From the diagram above it can be seen that the people whose livelihoods are fishermen have moderate participation in preserving the mangrove forest, the farming community has a high participation, the people who work as traders have low participation, the people who work as civil servants / employees have high participation while the other community has low participation in maintaining the preservation of mangrove forests in Batang Gasang District.

Community Participation Test Results
To find out whether or not there is a significant difference in average community participation at the study site divided into three variables, namely education, employment, and income, the Kruskal-Wallis Test statistical analysis is used. The results of the hypothesis test that the Chi-Square value for education is 0.513 (p> 0.05), meaning that community participation in the preservation of mangrove forests at the research location in Batang Gasang District results does not show any average difference. The results stated that there was no significant difference in community participation between their education levels, namely not going to school, elementary school, junior high school, high school and university. Chi-Square value for the level of work was 16,203 (p <0.05), it was stated that there was a significant difference in community participation between work, namely fishermen, farmers, traders, employees and others towards the preservation of mangrove forests. The Chi-Square value for income was 0.248 (p> 0.05), so it was stated that there was no significant difference in community participation between the levels of income in the preservation of mangrove forests.

CONCLUSION
The existence of mangrove forests in Batang Sagan Subdistrict, Padang Pariaman Regency is generally understood by the people living in the research location. The Science and Environmental Journals for Postgraduate  December 2019 p_ISSN 2655-5085 e_ISSN 2655-5239 average magrove density per plot has a level of relative density that does not differ between measuring plots 1 to 10. These conditions provide an illustration that the level of damage is still low or in other words the effect of local community activity has not led to the mangrove forest. Community activities are found on the edge of a relatively dry (inland) mangrove forest. There are differences in quantitative descriptions of community participation when related to differences in education and socio-economic levels in the mangrove forest area in Batang Sagan District. The level of community participation is largely determined by the status of the community's work.